Understanding Forcible Entry at Residential Structure Fires

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Firefighters face numerous challenges when responding to residential structure fires, and one of the most critical skills required in such situations is forcible entry. This technique enhances firefighters' safety and increases the chances of saving lives and minimizing property damage. Understanding the methods, tools, and protocols involved in forcible entry can significantly impact the effectiveness of fire response efforts.

The Nature of Residential Fires

Residential fires pose a significant and immediate threat, often igniting with alarming speed and escalating rapidly. A small flame can spread in as little as 30 seconds, creating a more substantial fire and making swift action critical. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reports that a fire department is dispatched to a house fire every 87 seconds in the United States. This equals out to a little over 358 thousand house fires a year. This constant demand underscores the urgency and prevalence of fire-related emergencies. Given the time-sensitive nature of these situations, firefighters face immense pressure to make rapid and informed decisions upon arrival. One of their first critical tasks is determining the optimal entry point into the burning structure. This assessment should be conducted quickly and effectively, especially when doors or windows are locked, obstructed by debris, or otherwise rendered unable to open through conventional means. Overcoming these obstacles is paramount to rescuing occupants, suppressing the fire, and minimizing property damage. Ultimately, the effectiveness of a firefighter's initial entry significantly impacts the outcome of a residential fire.

The Importance of Forcible Entry

When firefighters arrive at the scene of a structure fire, the situation's urgency dictates their primary objectives. Their foremost tasks are to rescue any occupants trapped within the burning building, effectively extinguish the fire, and prevent it from spreading to adjacent structures, which could complicate the incident. To achieve these critical goals efficiently and effectively, gaining access to the building becomes prominent. Forcible entry into a structure facilitates several crucial operations integral to the overall success of firefighting efforts.

Facilitate Rescue Operations: One of the most pressing concerns in any fire emergency is the safety and well-being of individuals trapped inside. Forcible entry should be performed quickly and efficiently. Quick entry can often make the difference between life and death, as it minimizes the time individuals are exposed to life-threatening smoke, heat, and flames.

Control the Fire: The quicker firefighters engage with the flames, the better they can limit the damage. Forcible entry allows firefighters to attack the fire directly, allowing them to initiate suppression efforts from the structure's interior rather than attacking from the outside and potentially missing fire areas. This proactive approach is crucial in mitigating damage to the structure and its contents and protecting the surrounding areas from catching fire.

Ventilate the Structure: When firefighters gain access through forcible entry, they can establish critical ventilation paths to alleviate the buildup of smoke and heat within the structure. Opening windows and doors or creating specific ventilation points improves the conditions inside. This enhanced airflow not only aids in the rescue effort by making it easier for those trapped to breathe but also increases the effectiveness of fire suppression activities. By controlling smoke movement, firefighters can more easily identify the seat of the fire and effectively extinguish it.

Common Techniques for Forcible Entry

These methods can generally be categorized into three main types: mechanical entry, hydraulic entry, and thermal entry. Each category encompasses various techniques and tools that firefighters utilize depending on the circumstances they encounter.

1. Mechanical Entry

Mechanical entry is the most common form of forcible entry and primarily involves the use of hand tools. These tools are straightforward but effective, allowing firefighters to create entry points into buildings quickly and efficiently. Several key tools are frequently employed in this category:

  • Ax and Sledgehammer: These standard tools are essential for breaking through doors or windows. The ax can be used for chopping and piercing, while the sledgehammer provides the power to deliver forceful blows, shattering barriers that might otherwise impede access.

  • Halligan Bar: Known for its versatility, the Halligan bar combines a pry bar, claw, and spike all in one tool. This multifunctional tool allows firefighters to gain leverage and effectively pop open doors, making it invaluable when quick access is necessary.

  • Irons: This term generally combines a Halligan bar and a flathead axe. The combination allows firefighters to perform a wide range of forcible entry tasks, from prying open doors to widening gaps for access. Their dual functionality makes irons a staple in the firefighting toolkit.

2. Hydraulic Entry

Firefighters turn to hydraulic entry techniques when mechanical tools are insufficient or when faced with incredibly sturdy barriers. Hydraulic tools, such as a Rabbit Tool or

"bunny tool," enables firefighters to force entry into doors designed to withstand impact. The bunny tool is not typically necessary for single-family homes, where access is easily managed by the residents. However, it can be a valuable asset for taxpayer buildings or urban apartment complexes with numerous units and complex access requirements. In these environments, the bunny tool could streamline emergency access for first responders. Allowing for quick entry with minimal damage can save time and resources. However, it is crucial to note that the bunny tool is specifically designed for inward-facing doors. Its effectiveness depends entirely on this door orientation and will not function on doors that swing outward.

3. Thermal Entry

Firefighters may resort to thermal entry techniques in specific scenarios where traditional physical entry tools may prove ineffective or cumbersome. These methods involve the use of heat-based tools to breach barriers. A couple of key techniques that fall under thermal entry include:

  • Sawing: Firefighters can employ reciprocating saws fitted with specialized blades that can cut through various materials, including wood, metal, and reinforced structures. This method allows them to create necessary openings in walls or to breach fortified entry points, enabling them to access affected areas swiftly.

  • Torching: In some cases, cutting torches are utilized to breach metal doors or barriers. This method is beneficial when other tools fail to provide adequate access, allowing for rapid penetration through rigid materials using a focused and intense heat source.

Challenges of Forcible Entry

Time Constraints: One of the most pressing challenges in forcible entry is the time constraint firefighters operate under. The need for rapid action can lead to rushed decisions, which poses risks not only to the firefighters themselves but also to any victims who may be trapped inside the structure. The pressure heightens the stakes, emphasizing the importance of rapid yet calculated responses.

Structural Integrity: As fire spreads throughout a building, it can significantly compromise its structural integrity. Firefighters need to be aware that the materials that once provided support may weaken under intense heat. Accordingly, they must make judicious assessments about the stability of the structure before breaching entry points. This often requires a keen understanding of architectural design and damage assessment to avoid situations that could lead to partial or complete collapses, putting rescuers and victims at risk.

Access Points: Modern structures increasingly utilize fortified doors, sophisticated locking mechanisms, and advanced security systems to deter unauthorized access. Such innovations pose additional obstacles for firefighters during forcible entry, as traditional methods of breaking down doors or windows may not suffice. Firefighters must be well-versed in various locks, hinges, and security devices.

Training and Preparedness: Given the complexities involved in forcible entry, continuous training on what most would consider a "basic skill" is needed. Fire departments must prioritize regular drills that simulate various forcible entry scenarios under diverse conditions. These training exercises provide firefighters with invaluable experience, enabling them to develop the necessary muscle memory to execute effective forcible entry tactics correctly and safely. This preparation enhances their skills and instills confidence in their ability to handle high-pressure situations.

Conclusion

Forcible entry during structure fires is a vital component of firefighting that necessitates quick decision-making, rigorous physical skill, and thoughtful strategic planning. As building construction evolves, so must the methods and tools available to firefighters. Continuous education, training, and heightened awareness are critical to equipping firefighters to confront the challenges inherent in forcible entry situations. Whether opening a locked door or navigating a smoke-filled corridor, each successful forcible entry contributes to the collective effort to protect and save lives from the effects of fire.


The History of the Pike Pole

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One of the most versatile tools for firefighters along with its long history in the fire service is the pike pole. Next to the axe, the pike pole is one of the most recognizable tools of the fire service. In fact, this tool was used for thousands of years prior to entering itself into the fire service. This tool has been used in fishing, forestry and construction yet originated in the 12th century in Europe as a weapon for soldiers.

Once adapted into the fire service, the pike pole has been used to pull down interior and exterior walls, ceilings and roofs to help stop fire spread, through various phases of an incident.

During the initial fire attack, firefighters use this tool to tear away structural elements of the building in order to prevent the advancement of fire by exposing hidden fire for suppression and by removing upper windows for ventilation.

The pike pole is also used during the overhaul stage of the incident for the same functions previously mentioned in the initial attack stage allowing firefighters to open up to uncover and extinguish any hidden pockets of fire.

The versatility of this tool is not spoke to as much as it was, thanks to the advancements in modern technology with respect to fire service equipment. For years prior, this tool along with another pike or a tool of similar length and a tarp was used in creating makeshift stretchers to remove injured victims or down firefighters.

A typical pike pole normally measures from 4 feet - often referred to as a closet hook for its ability to be used in closets or other confined spaces where longer pikes wouldn't fit - to 12 feet in length and was traditionally made of hardwood. Today, many of these are made from fiberglass and other composite materials which are lighter and easier to maneuver.

The modern version of the pike poll came to the fire service in the 1960s and 1970s In New York City (the War Years). During this time, FDNY Captain Bob Farrell and the New York City Fire Department's Research & Development Division developed their version of the pike pole, often referred to as the New York Hook. This variant of the pike pole has two hooks at the head as opposed to the traditional one hook to help firefighters pull down metal roofing and drywall. An advantage of this tool is also its ability to remove roof cross-boards from joists by sliding the hook along the joist to quickly pop the boards during ventilation. Another thing to note about the New York Style hook is the flathead at the top as opposed to the point on the traditional pike pole. This function has the ability to use the hook as a hammer and hook combined - sounding floors, roofs and purchase points for opening walls.

New York Style Hook

Around this same time, various other fire specific hooks have been developed such as the Chicago Hook, the Denver hook, the San Francisco Hook and the Boston Rake Hook. All developed to efficiently tear apart the type of building construction most often encountered by firefighters in those areas - mainly plaster and lath or tongue and groove.

Above: Denver Hook, Boston Rake Hook & the San Francisco Hook

Nowadays, apparatus riding assignments are used and the pike pole is often paired with two firefighter riding assignments on the truck company, the hook & can firefighter and the outside vent firefighter. Both firefighters are assigned a 6 foot pike pole (most common size used) along with a water can (hook & can) and a halligan (outside vent).

The pike pole, rich is in storied history as a once weapon used by European soldiers, to its uses in fishing and construction is now a go-to versatile tool for the fire service.

Until next time, work hard stay safe & live inspired.

Attacking and Defeating the Hockey Puck Lock

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Being a firefighter, we have various challenged consistently thrown at us and as such it is our job to defeat and overcome them.

As businesses and homeowners look to ramp up their security systems with more cameras around the perimeters and such, it is very common for high security locks to be added to various entrance points of the structure. The mindset is to make the structure as different as possible for criminals to enter and this trickles into making it more difficult for firefighters to make entry should an emergency arise that we need to get to.

When we think about gaining entry to a structure, we know it is something we must train on and something we must be proficient in. So, challenge accepted. Since as firefighters, there is no challenge we cannot overcome - or at least think we cannot overcome. The kitchen table is where we solve all the world's problems.

The challenge of this article is to list out various methods of forcible entry in defeating The American 2000 lock also known as "The Hockey Puck Lock".

This lock is found is a variety of places and sometimes may show up when you least expect it. Typically found on roll up doors on commercial occupancies, these locks can also be found on commercial garage doors, basement doors (Bilco doors) and box trucks.

Due to its round shape, this lock puts the keyway and pin & shackle within the body of the lock itself. By this design, it is created to cause difficulties for criminals to cut the shackle and gain entry.

Here are a few ways to attack and overcome the hockey puck lock

Method #1 - Attack the lock (no guard)

The lock could be attached to some kind of heavy-duty door or gate and quickly being able to identify if there is a guard around the lock or not will determine if you will be attack the lock itself or go through other means. For this method, we will go through the lock itself since there is no guard around the lock.

The quickest and most efficient way in attacking the lock is to use a standard pipe wrench (many truck companies have these in the cab or tool compartment of the rig) and get a solid bite on the lock with the wrench. From there, you simply pry downward with the wrench, breaking the hasp eye.

American 2000 (hockey puck) Lock Hasp

Method #2 - Through the Lock (with guard)

Hockey Puck Lock with Guard

Many of these locks will have a guard around them protecting the lock and therefore preventing the use of a wrench or striking down the lock by other means.

In this case, when faced with a guard around the lock, it is best to cut through the lock itself. For this method, it is best to use a rotary saw equipped with a metal blade.

  • Locate the keyway

  • Cut about three-quarters up the lock, opposite of the keyway

  • Cut completely through the lock and guard

This should damage the hasp and enable the lock to be removed from the door or gate.

For those unfamiliar with this type of lock, it could be a daunting task to complete. However, take time during pre-planning and non-fire incidents in occupancies to locate these types of locks and add them to your pre-incident size-up and practice these methods of entry with the crew. A few minutes breaking locks will save precious minutes on the fire ground figuring out how to get through it.

Until next time - work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

Forcing Trident Security Doors

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Higher capacity security doors are becoming more and more prevalent in all commercial and now residential homes for maximum break-in protection. The Trident Multi-Point lock provides a multipoint deadbolt locking mechanism with maximum resistance to break-ins. Here's the breakdown of the Trident system. 

  1. Instant self-locking deadbolt protection on each close or manual locking

  2. 4-point locking system

  3. Anti-pry protection

  4. Maximum door reinforcement kits - door strengthening bars and lower module reinforcement kit

As firefighters sometimes our jobs are going through the door in order to perform our interior fire operations and it is imperative we have an understanding on how to force this type of door should we have no other option or this is our best option for a quick knock on the fire or a rescue effort.

Let’s force the door 

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 1 

  1. Starting on the hinge side, using the Adz end of the halligan, gap/crush the door to gain access to the backside of the door by placing the Adz behind the door and begin prying the standalone pin away. By getting the standalone pin out of the way early on will help with the conventional door pop.

  2. Now, attack the lock side of the door starting with the top pin followed by the bottom pin and pry them away.

  3. From here, once the three pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

Please note, this will be time consuming and energy depleting. Have a K-12 or spreaders on hand if need be.

All hand tools approach - IRONS - Method 2

  1. Attack the lock side of the door by gaping and crushing the door and start by prying away top pin followed by the bottom pin.

  2. From here, once the two pins have been pried away, force the center of the door conventionally.

  3. The door should go and entry can be made.

From my experience, these doors have been found mostly on rear pharmacy doors and other businesses with highly valuable goods. The best way to approach these doors is to study their makeup and understand their strong and weak links in order to force them in less time and reduce the amount of strain on the crew forcing the door.

Keep your eyes open and stay diligent out there. 

Until next time, work hard, stay safe and live inspired.



Truck Company Operations: LOVERS__U

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The fire service loves acronyms and we have a lot of them. For this discussion we are going to talk about the old acronym for all you truckies out there – LOVERS_U. Before we get into the acronym and details of it, let’s first talk simply about truck company ops.

Truck operations involve a variety of tasks; forcible entry, search, rescue, ventilation, ladder operations (ground/aerial), overhaul, etc. Nowadays with the lack of manpower, squad and engine companies may be needed to perform these operations at any time on the fire ground and are equipped with the tools to do so. Some engine companies may need to perform both truck and engine operations due to lack of manpower or the absence of a truck on scene and vice versa for companies who run quints.

Well here we are, a truck company; what do we do?

Let’s being here with LOVERS_U:

1. Size-up (Yes, truck has its own size up to do). Everything we do on the fire ground calls for a scene size up (and a continual one) to better help us make smart tactical decisions to effectively complete our tasks especially with ventilation. Can this start the LOVERS_U? Hmm….

2. Forcible Entry, if needed (for searching and fire suppression). Sometimes the doors may be unlocked so like they say, “trybefore you pry”. This action should be determined quickly upon arrival in the case of victim removals. Please remember to keep this simple. Remembering your basic tools such as the irons, a hook and/or saw along with variations or combinations of each, can save time and get the job done. The key here is to know your tools and how to use them efficiently.

3. Search (Rescue, if needed). This is very important because we are not only searching for victims but searching for fire both of which may or may not be identifiable from the outside which is why searching is critical on the fire ground. Let’s remember searching for fire can also be done by the suppression team as well. Don’t forget your TIC.

4. a. Ventilation for search team (Vent for life). By venting for life, it is allowing a lot of the thick, black smoke remove itself from the structure giving search teams inside better visibility and time for locating victims.

b. Ventilation for fire suppression (Vent for fire). By venting for fire, this assists the fire suppression team in making an easier push to the fire and much easier extinguishment. This is done with very precise communication between your crew, the suppression team inside and the IC. If done haphazardly, this can be catastrophic.

5. Ladder the building (ingress, egress, vertical/horizontal vent). Every window accessible should have a ladder on it for emergency egress and also for access to the roof and 2nd floor windows for vertical vent. Why not throw a ladder up while heading with your crew to your assignment? Kill 2 birds with 1 stone.

6. Overhaul/Salvage. Once the fire is determined to be out, now it’s time to get inside and open the place up. This is to look for any hotspots and perform another search should any victims have not been found. During this operation, SCBA is still required along with a TIC and hand tools. Using tarps are also considered to help salvage as much property as possible and avoid any smoke and/or water damage.

7. Utilities. This is also known as shutting  down the utilities. Depending on where the utilities are located, this is done by either an interior crew or an exterior crew. Having control of gas, electric and water will help increase the safety of all fire service personnel on the scene.

Now that we discussed primary responsibilities of the truck company, we can now collectively say we have described and discussed LOVERS_U. For all those on truck companies or working with truck company responsibilities keep this acronym in your toolbox when pulling up to a scene, during your pre plans and in your training. It’s a valuable guide to helping you get the job done efficiently, effectively and most importantly safely. 

Until next time; work hard, stay safe & live inspired.

 About the Author

 NICHOLAS J. HIGGINS is a firefighter with 16 years in the fire service in Piscataway, NJ as well as NJ State certified level 2 fire instructor and currently a State of New Jersey Advocate for the National Fallen Firefighter’s Foundation. A martial arts practitioner in Taekwondo, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and Muay Thai as well as a former collegiate athlete in baseball, Nick is also a National Exercise & Sports Trainer Association Battle Ropes Instructor and studying for the Functional Fitness Instructor certification.  He holds a B.S. in Accounting from Kean University and is the founder/contributor of the Firehouse Tribune website.